Circolazioni transnazionali di letture morali nell'Europa del secolo lungo : una storia di transferts culturali

Dal XIX secolo, nel continente europeo, assistiamo a una strumentalizzazione delle letture moralizzatrici per l'infanzia declinate in un considerevole numero di versioni e traduzioni. Lontane dall'essere circoscritte nei limiti entro i quali generazioni di storici le hanno racchiuse, lo studio di queste letture scolastiche dovrebbe invece essere orientato alla loro straordinaria mobilità. In quest'ottica è interessante notare che, nella maggior parte dei casi, questi scritti sono dei vettori o delle libere reinterpretazioni di una morale biblico-pedagogica elaborata alla fine del XIX secolo all'interno dello spazio germanico principalmente da Heinrich Pestalozzi, Johannes Tobler, Heinrich Zschokke o, ancora, Joahnn David Wyss. Partendo dallo studio di due capisaldi della letteratura per l'infanzia del XIX secolo, il Goldmacher-Dorf di Heinrich Zschokke (1771-1848) e il Robinson svizzero di Johann David Wyss (1743-1818), in questo contributo ci siamo interrogati sulle cause oggettive e soggiacenti all'importante ripresa di questi scritti nelle diverse regioni linguistiche della Svizzera, ma anche al di fuori delle fron- tiere nazionali. Partendo inoltre dall'ipotesi per cui ogni stampato subisce una trasformazione nel passaggio da un contesto culturale o politico all'altro, utilizzando lo strumento concettuale dei transfert culturali, si è cercato di chiarire i fenomeni di re-semantizzazione caratteristici di questi due best-seller. From the nineteenth century in the European continent, we assist to an exploitation of the mor- alizing reading for children developed, from this moment, in a considerable number of versions and translations. Far from being limited in the extent in which generations of historians have enclosed them, the study of these school's readings should be instead oriented towards their extraordinary mobility. It's interesting to note that in most cases, these writings are carriers or free reinterpretations of a biblical-pedagogical moral developed within the German space at the end of the nineteenth century, of which Heinrich Pestalozzi, Johannes Tobler, Heinrich Zschokke or even Joahnn David Wyss are grounded representatives. Starting from the study of two cornerstones of children's litera- ture of the nineteenth century, the Goldmacher-Dorf of Heinrich Zschokke (1771-1848) and the Swiss Robinson of Johann David Wyss (1743-1818), in this paper we question the objective and underlying causes related to the important recovery of these writings in the different cultural parts of the Switzerland and, at the same time, across the national borders. Departing, besides, from the assumption that every printed book undergoes a transformation from one cultural or political context to another, using the conceptual instrument of cultural transferts, we will try to clarify the characteristic re-semantization phenomena of these two best sellers. Parole chiave: Transfert culturali, Letture morali, XIX-XX secolo, Adattamenti e traduzioni, Identità. Keywords: Cultural transfers, Moral readings, 19th-20th century, Adaptation and translations, Identity

Coordination between plant and apex development in Hordeum vulgare ssp. distichum

Developmental scales for cereals describe apex and plant morphology separately. In order to link crucial steps of internal and external development, in three varieties of Hordeum vulgare spp. distichum L., sown in autumn and in spring, we recorded plant, leaf and apex stage, following the scales of Zadoks, Haun, and Banerjee and Wienhues, the number of primordia, culm and spike length, and the final number of leaves and spikelets. Primordia initiation was coordinated with leaf appearance and the relative rate was constant for the initiation of productive primordia. The maximum number of primordia was achieved just before the first node became detectable, but development was completed only by those initiated before floret differentiation and internode distension started. The first spikelet was initiated when the third leaf tip became visible, and the last one when plants were at the pseudo stem erection stage and five leaves had still to appear

Nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation and remobilization of durum wheat as affected by soil gravel content

Soil gravel content affects many soil physical properties, as well as crop yield. Little is known regarding the influence of soil gravel content on growth and nutrient uptake of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). The accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorous during the vegetative and reproductive periods and the contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to grain N and P con- tent have been evaluated in two durum wheat varieties grown on soils with 0, 10, 20 and 30% gravel content. The two varieties showed similar behaviour and the increase of soil gravel de- creased plant biomass during the entire biological cycle. Nitrogen and P concentration of all plant parts was not affected by soil gravel content, while N and P content was greatly reduced, owing to the effect on dry matter yield. Post-anthesis accumulation and remobilization of N and P were greatly reduced: the decrease from gravel-free soil to 30% gravel content was about 41 kg N ha–1 and 4 kg P ha–1 for the former and 14 kg N ha–1 and 2 kg P ha–1 for the latter. The differences in growth rate were attributed to differences in development of the root system due to the restricted soil volume